Social Solidarity
Solidarity
Solidarity is
unity (as of a group or class) that produces or is based on universities of
interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies. It refers to the ties in a society that bind people
together as one. The term is generally employed in sociology and the other social sciences as well as in philosophy or in Catholic
social teaching.
What forms the basis of
solidarity varies between societies. In simple societies it may be mainly based
around kinship and shared values. In more
complex societies there are various theories as to what contributes to a sense
of social solidarity.
Solidarity is also one of
six principles of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European
Union.
Durkheim
According to
Émile Durkheim, the types of
social solidarity correlate with types of society. Durkheim introduced the
terms "mechanical" and "organic solidarity"
as part of his theory of the development of societies in The Division of Labour in
Society (1893).
In a society exhibiting mechanical solidarity, its
cohesion and integration comes from the homogeneity of individuals—people feel
connected through similar work, educational and religious training, and
lifestyle.
Mechanical solidarity normally operates in "traditional"
and small scale societies. In simpler societies (e.g., tribal),
solidarity is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks.
Organic solidarity comes from the interdependence that arises from
specialization of work and the complementarities between people—a development
which occurs in "modern" and "industrial"
societies.
Definition:
it is social cohesion based upon the dependence individuals have on each other
in more advanced societies.
Although individuals
perform different tasks and often have different values and interest, the order
and very solidarity of society depends on their reliance on each other to
perform their specified tasks.
Organic here is referring
to the interdependence of the component parts. Thus social solidarity is
maintained in more complex societies through the interdependence of its
component parts (e.g., farmers produce the food to feed the factory workers who
produce the tractors that allow the farmer to produce the food).
Peter Kropotkin
A connection between the
biological and the social was of principal importance for the idea of
solidarity as expressed by the anarchist ideologist and former Prince Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921). In
his most famous book "Mutual Aid: A
Factor of Evolution" (1902), written partly in response to Huxleyan
Social Darwinism, Kropotkin studied the use of cooperation as a survival
mechanism in human societies at their various stages, as well as with animals.
According to him, mutual
aid, or cooperation, within a species has been an important factor in the
evolution of social institutions. Solidarity is essential for mutual aid;
supportive activity towards other people does not result from the expectation
of reward, but rather from instinctive feelings of solidarity.
In his introduction to the
book, Kropotkin wrote: “The number and importance of mutual-aid institutions
which were developed by the creative genius of the savage and half-savage
masses, during the earliest clan-period of mankind and still more during the
next village-community period, and the immense influence which these early
institutions have exercised upon the subsequent development of mankind, down to
the present times, induced me to extend my researches to the later, historical
periods as well; especially, to study that most interesting period – the free
medieval city republics, whose universality and influence upon our modern
civilization have not yet been duly appreciated.
And finally, I have tried
to indicate in brief the immense importance which the mutual-support instincts,
inherited by mankind from its extremely long evolution, play even now in our
modern society, which is supposed to rest upon the principle "every one
for himself, and the State for all," but which it never has succeeded, nor
will succeed in realizing”.
Kropotkin advocated an
alternative economic and social system, which would be coordinated through a
horizontal network of voluntary associations with goods distributed in compliance
with the physical needs of the individual, rather than according to labor.
Use in philosophy
Solidarity is an emerging concept in contemporary philosophy – it
is subject to ongoing studies in various subfields of ethics and political
philosophy. One notable approach in bioethics is to identify
solidarity primarily as a three-tiered practice enacted at the interpersonal,
communal, and contractual and legal levels.
This approach is driven by
the quest to differentiate between the diverse applications of the concept and
to clarify its meaning, both historically and in terms of its potential as a
fruitful concept for contemporary moral, social and political issues.
So, Social solidarity is a commitment shared
national identity at the same time
which consists of the attitudes and
behavior based on the understanding, awareness, confidence, responsibility and social participation according to the
ability of each resident.
Social Solidarity is the Basic Value of Social Welfare, social sense in the community continue to be explored, developed and utilized in realizing the nation's aspiration for a state that Welfare Society. Social solidarity is a value that is meaningful to each nation. The soul and spirit of social solidarity in the life of the nation has existed since the days of a country not yet exist.
Social Solidarity is the Basic Value of Social Welfare, social sense in the community continue to be explored, developed and utilized in realizing the nation's aspiration for a state that Welfare Society. Social solidarity is a value that is meaningful to each nation. The soul and spirit of social solidarity in the life of the nation has existed since the days of a country not yet exist.
Resources : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity
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